Price Forecasts for Oil

Value Forecasts for Oil â€Å"TECHNOLOGY FORECASTING CRISIS ANALYSIS† Innovation Futures Business Strategy first Assessment Project Section ONE Michel Godet showed that subjective boundaries were significant in precise determining. Utilizing the accessible data in the universal writing and somewhere in the range of 1000 and 1500 words: 1. Notice the subjective boundaries that might be considered in future vitality value situations. For this reason take the year 2020 and list, with a concise clarification, the boundaries you consider ought to be incorporated. 2. Which of these boundaries can you sensibly measure? (Endeavor to recognize at any rate five boundaries) 3. Do you concur with this particular part of Godets recommendation? Why or why not? 4. Assess an emergency effect of the exactness of innovation determining. Distinguish the boundaries describing the emergency perspectives. In like manner, present your supposition about the legitimacy of the gauges. 5. Utilizing the introduced atomic force information somewhere in the range of 1967 and 1987 gauge (utilizing extrapolation procedures) the normal atomic force time advancement somewhere in the range of 1987 and 2007. Remark on the exactness of your estimates in connection with the genuine information. Would you be able to make reference to any lead time between the significant mishap of Chernobyl and the response of the worldwide electrical force advertise? Section TWO The OPEC oil value ascend in 1973 importantly affected vitality use and vitality productivity, albeit a significant part of the effect was fleeting. In 2003-4 the oil cost adequately multiplied, coming to $50/barrel for a period and of late it has reached over $90/barrel. A significant player presently is Gazprom in Russia News has broken that Gazprom will slice supplies of gaseous petrol to Europe except if it is permitted to raise costs by 200% for send out clients, (Customers in Russia truly follow through on much lower costs). Utilizing the accessible data in the worldwide writing and somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2500 words: 6. Portray your deliberate reaction to this, as either a vitality Supplier or significant vitality client. 7. Okay say that your reaction depended on â€Å"out of the box† arrangements, or an increasingly traditionalist, gradual methodology? 8. Examine the relative benefits and impediments of every one of these potential reactions, distinguishing what you accept the two methodologies mean. 9. How this emergency will impact the eventual fate of European economies? How could these impacts been moderated? Make your own estimates. Your responses to 6-8 above depend on accepted situations inside associations which may utilize numerous individuals. The following piece of this inquiry identifies with the effect rising vitality costs and, maybe more significantly, the impact of environmental change, may have on your own style of living. 10. At an individual/local level, would you be able to predict a circumstance in which we may think about that to serve all, we may need to manage with less, as far as capital products, travel, and saw adequate degrees of solace? Innovation Futures Business Strategy first Assessment Project Section An Introduction In view of the Prospective methodology and the situations strategy (Godet, 1982), Michel Godet noticed the constraints of the traditional determining worried about measurement and models (see additionally Appendix, Table Ap.I). As indicated by Godet, models that just consider measured boundaries don't consider the advancement of new connections and the potential changes in patterns. The inconceivability of anticipating the future as a capacity exclusively of past information is legitimately identified with the oversight of subjective and non-quantifiable boundaries, for example, the desires and conduct of significant entertainers (Godet, 1982). Besides, to structure future situations, the factors identified with the wonder under scrutiny and the factors designing its condition ought to be perceived and examined in detail. In addition, the interrelationship among factors, the relative force and key on-screen characters, their systems and accessible assets just as the targets and requi rements that must be survived, ought to likewise be considered. By allowing vitality as a ware under the perspective on traditional financial speculations, markets and value instruments are utilized so as to designate the separate assets. All the more explicitly, it is the collaboration of interest and gracefully in the business sectors that distributes assets and to a great extent shapes costs, and it is the more extensive environment limits that these market cooperations happen in. Vitality valuing, with vitality being seen either as an info or as a conceivably dirtying wellspring of our biological system, obviously remains upon both the sub orders of asset and ecological financial matters (Sweeney, 2004), likewise relying upon the social, political and mechanical status of the time being and the future time until 2020. In this unique situation, one may recognize a heap of boundaries that might be considered for designing the separate future vitality value situations. What is essential to note is that like the convictions of Godet, the boundari es included ought to be concentrated regarding interrelationship, while subjective and non evaluated boundaries ought to be considered also. Question 1 As of now referenced, the setup of costs inside a market - the vitality showcase at present talked about is to a great extent subject to the gracefully and request balance. This is estimated by the individual gracefully and request pressure communicating the status of a ware in showcase terms and giving signs concerning potential vitality value changes. While high pressures infer costs irregularity, the inverse is substantial for low strain rates. Thus, so as to assess future vitality costs based on boundaries, one ought to distinguish the boundaries that impact the gracefully request balance in everything about fields recently recognized (for example social, political, natural, conservative and mechanical). In this specific circumstance, in 1.1 the most powerful of the boundaries designing vitality costs might be experienced. Vitality markets are to a great extent impacted by the monetary development factors communicated based on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), swelling, premium and joblessness rates. Given the financial development alongside the boundary of socioeconomics (with respect to both the populace increment and relocations) one may picture the relating pattern in vitality utilization (for example the interest side). Following, approach choices concerning the assurance of fuel blend are determinative to the extent vitality estimating is thought of. For example, petroleum products proceeding to overwhelm will invigorate stricter contamination counteraction enactment measures (for example tax assessment) and strategies for handling environmental change and an Earth-wide temperature boost that will raise vitality costs. In equal, the support of the separate market holders, possibly prompting solid imposing business models, ought to likewise be normal. Going to sustainable power sources may from one viewpoint - for a portion of the advances infer a change period all together for the comparing markets to adjust and on the other involve huge ecological advantages, in money related terms too. A worldwide temperature alteration and environmental change impacts being apparent backings the usage of alleviation measures towards the decrease of ozone depleting substance (GHG) discharges, this holding a key job in regard of things to come. Stores holding a key job later on design of vitality costs as far as shortage, yet additionally as far as creation costs is straightforwardly related with the innovative improvement concerning the abuse of new stores and the advancement of substitutes. As of now suggested, the intensity of existing markets is another key factor while the effectiveness and retention of vitality speculations - the venture offers and results of innovative work endeavors ought to be underlined-must be additionally considered. The elements worried about the personal satisfaction propose an extra boundary that may influence vitality utilization examples and one that can't be effectively caught regardless of the lists suggested up until this point (Allen, 1991). Besides, as appropriately put in the Annual Energy Outlook of 2007 (EIA, 2007a), vitality markets projections are dependent upon much vulnerability (unforeseen occasions). Huge numbers of the occasions that shape vitality markets and in this way the cost of vitality too can't be predicted. These incorporate startling climate occasions and catastrophic events (Rezek and Blair, 2008), significant advancements and mechanical achievements (Marbã ¡n and Valdã ©s-Solã ­s, 2007; Varandas, 2008), interruptions and spins in the political level (Stern, 2006) with undifferentiated from cultural outcomes, the episode of a war (Tahmassebi, 1986; Fernandez, 2008) or an atomic mishap, every one of them either seething or suggesting vulnerable sides that can't be straightforwardly anticipated and subsequently evaluated. Also, another zone of vulnerability is worried about the way that even the built up patterns consistent development can't be ensured. Summing up, a short clarification was by and by given on how every one of the boundaries recognized may impact vitality evaluating. Furthermore, an exertion was likewise completed so as to give a short depiction of the interrelationship among boundaries, this supporting one of Godets contentions. Demanding the interrelationship of factors, a few of the boundaries recently experienced ought to be diffused to each major territorial vitality advertise, the last being generally affected by the connection between fuel types and vitality segments (see additionally 1.2). In the end, one may bring about a fairly perplexing framework that experiences the advancement of compelling boundaries inside the harmony between vitality types and vitality segments, this noteworthy the vital job of vitality fuel blend recently talked about. Following, an exertion is completed so as to sensibly measure a portion of the boundaries recognized. Question 2 Given the heap of boundaries that are thought to impact future vitality estimating, a specific number of them can

Macbeth Essay – the Similarities and Differences Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth

Tran Huyen My †Amy ENG3U Ms. Jeska January tenth , 2012 Before and After When contrasting Macbeth and Lady Macbeth with one another, the principle similitude between them that must be referenced is that the two of them have high desire for eminence and significance. Adjacent to the just a single noteworthy closeness, they likewise contrast with two unmistakable contrasts. All through the play, the two of them depicted as insidious characters who have submitted the passings of different characters, anyway the main impetus of their remorseless conduct are absolutely different.The reason that drives Lady Macbeth to her threatening character was abstinence while Macbeth’s main impetus was roused by his huge eagerness. The blemishes each had come about their destruction and this is the last extraordinary when looking at Macbeth and his better half. The fundamental comparability that Macbeth and his better half, Lady Macbeth both shared was their high aspiration for eminence an d enormity. That was likewise the establishment for submitting all the killings all through the play which are brought about by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Because of the expectation of the three witches â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor†¦ shalt be King hereafter† (Act 1, Scene 3).The predictions set off the desire in Macbeth as well as give ascents of greater aspirations in Lady Macbeth. The demise of King Duncan depicted a model in the play that obviously demonstrated how Lady Macbeth conveyed herself with her aspirations (Act 2, Scene 2). As all the perusers know, the principal passing in the play, King Duncan, who is clearly murdered by Macbeth. To add to this, Lady Macbeth was additionally the one liable for the homicide of King Duncan. By utilizing Macbeth’s love for her, Lady Macbeth convinces him into executing King Duncan since Macbeth cherishes and confides in his better half; he is defenseless against her feelings and temptations.That is appeared in the statement â€Å"We come up short! Be that as it may, screw your fortitude to the staying place [†¦] who will bear the blame of our extraordinary subdue? † (Act 1, Scene 7). In light of her aspiration of turning out to be King and Queen, Lady Macbeth’s desire assumed control over her profound quality and eventuall wound up murmuring lethal words that caused King Duncan’s deplorable passing. For Macbeth, his aspiration was additionally developing as the play advances. While the aspiration of Lady Macbeth stops after she accomplished her longing of turning into the Queen of Scotland, Macbeth was all the while getting progressively dedicated to his extraordinary ambition.The confirmations for the incredible desire of Macbeth are that he is again dedicated the following two deaths of Banquo and Macduff’s spouse and child (Act 3, Scene 3 and Act 4, Scene 2). He killed these individuals since he feared the forecasts from the three witche s that may work out as expected: For the expectation of Banquo, three witches said that his child will become King, â€Å"Lesser than Macbeth, and more noteworthy [†¦]. For another expectation of Macduff, they said that Macbeth ought to know about Macduff, â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Be careful Macduff.Beware the Thane of Fife †Dismiss me. Enough. † (Act 4, Scene 1). Because of these two forecasts, Macbeth chose to slaughter those individuals who may be a hazardous danger to his seat. Those two confirmations plainly show the Macbeth’s extraordinary aspiration totally transformed him into an exceptionally ravenous being and a man who needed human attributes as he will do anything, including murdering individuals, just to make sure about his capacity. All things considered, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are the equivalent, the two of them have high desire which are only for accomplishing their own sovereignty and greatness.Although Macbeth and Lady Macbet h are both depicted as malevolent characters who have focused on all the homicides in the play, their main thrust with drove them to their mercilessness is very surprising to one another which was additionally the primary contrast that vary them in the play. Both have a similar malice trademark yet for Lady Macbeth, her finesse is roused by her forbearance. She thinks for Macbeth that drives her to the choice of executing King Duncan since she needs her better half to turn into the King of Scotland. Statement â€Å" [†¦] Come, you spirits that tend on mortal contemplations, unsex me here [†¦] nor keep harmony among th’effect and it! (Act 1, Scene 5). In interpretation, the statement fundamentally said that Lady Macbeth needed to turn into a man, less like a lady so she won’t feel regret, so no human empathy can stop her malicious arrangement or keep her from achieving it. Through the interpretation of that quote, the perusers infered that she needed to be mo re grounded in light of the fact that she felt regret and regretful when she settled on the choice to murder; which implies the mankind despite everything exists in her. From this, it shows that she wouldn't like to execute Duncan except if it is the main way can cause Macbeth to turn into the King.Therefore, directly after she accomplished her craving, the desire quit encouraging her which was demonstrated by the occasions in the play that she was not dedicated to any longer murder after the demise of King Duncan. On the as opposed to Lady Macbeth, the main thrust to the evilness in Macbeth originated from his own eagerness for what he can't have. Toward the start of the play, he was battling about whether he should execute King Duncan or not and he was by all accounts blameworthy for his choices. After the homicide was done, Macbeth formally turned into the King of Scotland. That was the point at which he turned out to be increasingly more aggressive in light of the fact that now he could do anything he needed to.Lead by the fire of desire, Macbeth attempted to kill Banquo and his child, Fleance, which was a model that truly demonstrated to the perusers of his covetousness. Statement â€Å"To be along these lines is nothing, however to be securely in this manner †Upon my head they plac’d an unprofitable crown [†¦] come destiny, into the rundown, and champion me to the articulation. † (Act 3, Scene 1). From the statement expressed, they indicated that Macbeth was envious with Banquo whose child will turn into the King simply like in the witches’ prophecies,while Macbeth doesn't have a child who expected to have his spot as the successor.Macbeth suspected it was not reasonable in light of the fact that in the wake of everything that he had done only for their advantage. To make sure about his capacity and secure his seat for himself, by and by, Macbeth submitted the demise of his dear companion, Banquo. From those clarifications, Macbeth has totally changed into a detestable man since he was unreasonably avaricious for what he can't have. Toward the finish of the play, the defeat of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth was their scandalous passing. Nonetheless, contrasting their defeats with one another, they were additionally altogether different to the desires for the majority of the readers.Their destruction was another distinction added to the difference among Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Particularly for Lady Macbeth, whom arranged the homicide of King Duncan and attempted to persuade her significant other to dispose of the blame and to follow her plan. Before the butchery began, she showed herself as a merciless, emphatic lady when managing her husband’s faltering about the killing of King Duncan which was appeared in the statement â€Å"When you durst to do it, at that point you were a man [†¦] had I so sworn as you have one to this. † (Act 1, Scene 7).The crowd was persuade that Lady Macbeth wil l never feel any blame concerning the homicide, however her feeling of remorse was shown close to the finish of the play. She started to sleepwalk and remembered the homicide in her brain. Statement â€Å"Out, cursed spot! Out, I state! One; two; why, at that point tis time to do't. Damnation is dim! Fie, my lordâ€fie! a trooper, and afeard? † (Act 5, Scene 1). Over the span of the play, Lady Macbeth was depicted as an extreme character, through her activities with her better half, her own assessments of the killings, lastly she attempted to adapt to her undeniable guilt.The blame of the homicide presently has gotten insufferable for her and toward the end, her unforeseen ruin occurred as she murdered herself. On the opposite with Lady Macbeth, Macbeth demonstrated his dread and blame when managing the homicide of Duncan which is appeared in the location of that he saw the fanciful blade. From the outset, Macbeth's aims would have been less genuine if his better half was n ot more on edge than he was. Not as confident as his better half, Lady Macbeth utilizes his affection for her to compel him to follow her arrangement, subsequently, he had to kill Duncan; pushed by his significant other along these lines it is halfway Lady Macbeth’s deficiency for Macbeth’s downfall.However, as the story advances, the more unfeeling and valiant Macbeth became just as the body checks that he caused started to rise. For instance, after the passing of King Duncan was the demise of Banquo and Macduff’s family was likewise the survivor of the Macbeth’s rage. He appears to become overlooked the straightforward human sentiments and feelings. The statement, he states, â€Å"I have nearly overlooked the flavor of fears: The time has been my faculties would have cooled to hear a night-screech and my fell of hair would at a terrible treatise animate and mix. † (Act 5, Scene 5). He even can't feel dread as he understood Malcolm’s armed force will attack him soon.He further indicated how he was invulnerable to human feeling in the accompanying second, when he was informed that Lady Macbeth had passed on. Macbeth responded briskly by saying â€Å"She ought to have passed on in the future. † (Act 5, Scene 5). Those are a few confirmations obviously demonstrating the startling changes of Macbeth as his defeat raised. Toward the finish of the play, the last defeat that Macbeth needed to hold up under was his headless passing (Act 5, scene 8). Generally speaking, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have just a single same likeness and that was that the two of them have high aspirations and avarices for sovereignty and significance, and this was the primary driver for submitting the murders.In the play, the connection among Macbeth and Lady Macbeth unfurled in an effectively energetic marriage. They are grounded by their affection and would do nearly anything for one another, in this manner, it was additionally the main impe tus of Lady Macbeth’s evilness

Financing through Crowdfunding Platforms

Financing through Crowdfunding Platforms © Shutterstock.com | robuartIn this article, we will look at 1) what is crowdfunding?, 2) types of crowdfunding, 3) different crowdfunding services, 4) pros and cons of crowdfunding, 5) crowdfunding and venture financing, 6) leveraging crowdfunding successfully, and 7) crowdfunding success stories.WHAT IS CROWDFUNDING?Crowdfunding is the use of a network of friends, family, colleagues or strangers to collect small amounts of capital to finance a new business venture or further an existing one. Crowdfunding activities usually take place over the internet with social media often playing a key role in getting the word out regarding the venture to be funded. This method helps expand the number of potential investors from the traditional group of business owners, their relatives and venture capitalists.Typically, there are three main players within a crowdfunding model. These are the project initiator, the project supporters and a moderating platform. The initiator proposes an idea which needs funding, the supporters may be groups or individual who are interested in supporting this idea and the platform may be a company or a website that connects these two parties with each other.Within the United States, there are SEC regulations and restrictions that govern crowdfunding. These may restrict who can fund a new business and how much they can contribute. They may also subject the project initiator to several regulations especially if they aim to offer a stake in the business to an investor or investors. Though many feel that these restrictions often prevent businesses from getting off the ground, they are in place to attempt to protect unsophisticated or less wealthy investors from putting their savings into a risky venture. Since many new businesses tend to fail in the early stages, these investors also face the risk of losing their initial investment.History of CrowdfundingIn 2003, crowdfunding began to gain footing inside the United States with the launch of the f irst crowdfunding website called ArtistShare. The earliest recorded use of the term itself was by Michael Sullivan in fundaylog in 2006 as reported by WordSpy.comAfter ArtistShare, many new sites began to appear online. These notably included ChipIn and EquityNet in 2005, Pledgie and Sellaband in 2006, IndieGoGo and GiveForward in 2008, FundRazr, Kickstarter and Fundly in 2009, GoFundMe and Microventures in 2010 and Fundageek in 2011In 2010, these websites resulted in a contribution of US $89 million. This money came from the public and went to a variety of companies and individuals selling unique ideas. This figure rose to US$1.47 billion in 2011. In 2012, the figure was US$2.66 billion with one million individual campaigns established worldwide. A 2014 report by a UK based organization, The Crowdfunding Center, released data that showed more than US$60,000 raised and 442 campaigns launched every hour every day.TYPES OF CROWDFUNDINGThere are four main types of crowdfunding. These a re:Donation Based Crowdfunding: In such type of crowdfunding, the investor simply gives money to support a cause with no return expected. An example is funding a sports team to attend a tournament.Reward Based Crowdfunding: In this type of crowdfunding, people invest in a business in exchange for a reward of some sort. This is usually a product or service the business is aiming to offer after receiving funding. Essentially, the business presells its concept. This model has been used extensively in a variety of areas such as free software development, movie promotions, inventions, scientific research, and civic projects.Equity Based Crowdfunding: In this type of crowdfunding, a stake in the company is given to a group of people who finance the business. As part-owners of the company, the investors stand to make a return on their investment with a share of the profits. This is in the event that the company manages to survive and become successful. SEC restrictions apply to this type o f funding in the US.Debt Based Crowdfunding: In this type of crowdfunding, the company asking for investment does not sell a stake in the company but borrows money from potential investors. The transaction is a legally binding commitment to return the loaned amount at regular intervals and some predetermined interest rate.DIFFERENT CROWDFUNDING SERVICESThere are several crowdfunding platforms on the internet with new ones appearing every day. Here, we list the top sites chosen by Sally Outlaw. Outlaw is the founder and CEO of peerbackers, a crowdfunding website. She chooses sites that have the best track records and have been functional long enough to build traction and reputation. A more comprehensive list can be found here.She divides her selections with three crowdfunding types: reward, equity, and debt.RewardThe top crowdfunding websites in this category are:IndieGoGo: This website began with a focus on film but quickly expanded to include everything. It is better known for fina ncing personal and cause related projects and campaigns. All projects are accepted without the need for a review. If a campaign raises money successfully, the website charges a 4% fee while an unsuccessful campaign needs to pay as much as a 9% fee.RocketHub: This website focused initially on the arts but expanded to accommodate science, education, business and social projects. There is an annual SciFund Challenge to fund science projects.Peerbackers: This website keeps a focus on entrepreneurs and innovators. Projects listed are usually of the creative, civic or entrepreneurial nature. There is also a category for young entrepreneurs who range between ages 13 and 17. This is in partnerships with student organizations. There is also a Crowdfunding Academy to educate and support those who want to venture into crowdfunding.Kickstarter: This is the most recognizable crowdfunding websites. The focus is on creative ventures such as design, film, publishing, music, gaming and technology. T hough the website does not directly allow funding for businesses, it accepts products and has resulted in some successful campaigns. Not all projects are accepted, and the website has a rigorous submission process. The service is open only to people from the US, the UK, and Canada.EquityWebsites in this category are slightly different in that they usually fund through accredited investors and not general crowds. Investors may back low-investment projects, however, using the pooling element of more traditional crowdfunding.Grow Venture Community: This global platform for entrepreneurs and investors is community-based. This website is more of an ecosystem to support entrepreneurs in connecting with experts, funders, team members and new customers to make ideas successful.MicroVentures: A sort of investment bank for startups, the website will conduct due diligence on these startup ventures, and if they meet the mark, help raise capital from angel investors. The platform is SEC approved , and investors can invest smaller amounts.Angel List: This platform is more limited in its reach with entrepreneurs having had raised $100,000 and incorporated in Delaware, US. The website has a good system for reaching a strong pool of investors.DebtA few crowdfunding websites in this category include:SoMoLend: This is a peer-to-peer platform and helps facilitate friends and family loans, as well as loans from accredited investors and banks. The website is designed mainly for established physical businesses with customers and cash flows that can service debt. Instead of FICA scores, the website will consider other factors such as social reputation, behavior and online presence among more traditional factors. These factors help determine the interest rate.Endurance Lending Networks: This website connects small business with nontraditional lending sources such as accredited individuals, family run offices, wealth management concerns and debt funds. The cap on the debt amount is $500 ,000. A sophisticated credit algorithm is used to aggregate and filter opportunities. PROS AND CONS OF CROWDFUNDINGThe crowdfunding environment brings with it a few new principles. These principles have their pros and their cons.Less time is spent on generating capital, and less capital is generated by an entrepreneur himselfThe upside of this situation is that an entrepreneur has to spend less time running after capital necessary to run their business and can spend more time developing the business and the related product or service. People with no income and a humble financial background are no longer held back by the lack of funds.The downside is that when there is less investment from the entrepreneur themselves and they are not answerable to an investor one on one, the necessary step of continuously convincing others of the value of the business is lost. There is less feedback and questions and less opportunity to fine tune early business models.There are more investors with sm aller stakes at early stage financingThe upside of this situation is that it allows more people to be involved in new businesses, and it no longer remains a case of the rich getting richer. There is a more diverse base of investors and less obligation to a single group of investors.The downside of this is there is almost no due diligence by the investors, and they are more susceptible to fraud, incompetence or an ill-thought out plan. Investors may not be close enough to find the right data to allow them to make smart decisions, and many won’t be able to understand the potential risks of investing in a crowdfunded campaign.More ideas get fundedThe upside here is that ideas that are more complex and niche can get funded whereas a traditional investor may find them too risky or may not see the potential value. People pitching these ideas have more leeway to develop ideas reliant of high creativity that push boundaries.The downside is that crazy, impossible ideas may also get funded. Many crowd funded ideas will never be successful and result in lost investment. The smaller investment amounts ensure that the loss to any one investor is not too substantial, but a sustained number of these losses may give crowdfunding as a whole a bad reputation and subject it to tighter regulations.CROWDFUNDING AND VENTURE FINANCINGThrough crowdfunding, a much larger number of people are able to fund their dream projects and businesses. This freedom to raise capital may mean a shift in how traditional venture capitalists operate. These venture capitalists make money from their investments into promising startups and will now have to work harder to attract the right entrepreneurs.Both modes of raising capital target different markets. A venture capital investor will not want to fund an art film or a new music album. On the other hand, crowdfunding will not be able to raise a substantial amount such as a record $1.2 billion raised by ride hailing app called Uber in a round of VC f unding.In the areas that do overlap, crowdfunding is something for investors to watch out for. A successful crowdfunding round will give a startup more leverage to come up with better terms and conditions in subsequent, more traditional investment deals.LEVERAGING CROWDFUNDING SUCCESSFULLYAs crowdfunding becomes more popular and there is a growth of the number of platforms facilitating transactions, it is extremely important for a potential campaign to have the right ingredients needed to attract the maximum number of investors. Some important facets to consider before designing such a campaign include:Strategic Use of Social Media: Though covering all aspects of social media may not be necessary, it is a good idea to have as a wide a reach as possible. This means picking the right networks to compliment marketing and content strategy. This will ensure that the right supporters are targeted. It is important to tweak the message to suit a particular social media platform.Use Video Cl ips: Properly made video clips can help potential donors get a better idea of what is being pitched. A product or service can be seen in action rather than through a series or stills or a wordy brief. But this step should only be undertaken if time and effort can be dedicated to making the video look professional and not an amateur job. If finances allow, a professional can be hired to do this.Create a Media Page with Relevant Information: To get the press interested in covering, it is important to have a nicely designed webpage with the right press informational material. Journalists can then download what they need to create a story. For larger plans, a press release and even a press tour may be needed.Wait for the Right Time to Ask for Money: With the right enthusiasm and the story of the project presented, people will want to add support naturally. Make sure the backers know what they are supporting and what they can expect in return. Backers should be allowed to invest as littl e or as much as they want.Build Interest: Before and during the campaign, it is necessary to generate interest in the business. A pre-existing fan base can help a campaign achieve a strong start. A blog, a documentary, or a social media presence can help generate this interest.Keep Communicating: If there is a positive development of a setback, it is necessary to keep investors in the loop and to give them regular updates. Even after the campaign has ended, it is good to keep the process going.Add a Personal Touch: Introducing the team and yourself are a good way to make people feel connected to real people rather than a business front. The more personality that shows through in a campaign, the more likely people are to be interested enough to take action.Appeal to an Existing Fanbase if it Exists: Popular American sitcom Veronica Mars managed to gather enough support for a feature length film after lack of success in the same regard with major film studios. The campaign was geared towards existing fans of the show, and there was very little effort to gather new interest. In a similar situation, special attention should be paid to existing fans and supporters.Create Mass Appeal: Despite the importance of generating a fan base and appealing to an existing one, it is also necessary to create a campaign that may appeal to whoever visits the page.CROWDFUNDING SUCCESS STORIESThere are many examples of successful crowdfunded projects and companies in all categories. A few of the most successful campaigns in business are given below:The Pebble E-Paper Watch: This campaign is known for being Kickstarter’s breakout success, raising $10,266,845 in just 37 days. Investors were excited to be among the first to own a pebble watch, the first affordable smart watch on the market. However, months passed, and the company was unable to deliver orders. The company managed to deliver the first round of watches within ten months of the campaign ending. The event led to the annou ncement that Kickstarter was not a store.Ouya: This is an open-source gaming console. It took the gaming world by a storm and managed to raise $8.5 million in 29 days through Kickstarter. Within 10 months, the consoles were delivered to the crowdfunding backers.Pono Music: A recent Kickstarter Success, the service claims to provide a unique music listening experience by allowing a listener to hear the music as the artist intended. It managed to raise over $6 million in one month. The music player was expected to be delivered by October 2014.Bitvore: This service allows businesses to monitor and analyze large continuous streams of data. An equity campaign was launched on Fundable, and $4,500,000 were raised to develop the product further.The Dash: This is the world’s first wireless smart in-ear headphone. It is in part a music player and in part a fitness tracker. It managed to raise $3,390,551 in 50 days. It is supposed to be delivered to backers by October or November in 2014.

My Personal Project On Domestic Violence - 1661 Words

My personal project was focused on the families that have been placed in Women’s Shelters. The families placed aren’t established there for no reason. All of them have been victims of domestic violence, and they’re all trying to escape from the abuse as best as they can. The organization itself housed a total of 290 people in 2013, but there are so many people in the world that are still suffering from their significant other abusing them. My focus on the project was mainly on raising my own self-awareness about the families in the organization. Domestic violence is an issue that many people are aware of, yet a majority of people don’t seem to know the consequences that are a result. I think this issue isn’t one that should be mitigated. It deserves to be made a fuss about, because domestic violence is a significant topic that’s worth discussing. The area of interaction my project fits in with is community and service. Researching about the Women’s Shelter is allowing me to expand my knowledge of the community around me. It’s so easy to live a life that revolves only around myself and my close friends and family. Researching about this topic has expanded my perspective of the people around me. By choosing this specific topic, I was able to not only benefit myself, but the community around me. I went to the shelter to help with my advisor’s advisory class, and I thoroughly enjoyed doing that. We made dinner after school, then we went to serve them on February 12th. After weShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Project On Domestic Violence1687 Words   |  7 PagesMy personal project focussed on the families that have been placed in Women’s Shelters. The families placed aren’t established there for no reason. All of them have been victims of domestic violence, and they’re all trying to escape fr om the abuse as best as they can. The organization itself housed a total of 290 people in 2013, but there are so many people in the world that are still suffering from their significant other abusing them. My focus on the project was mainly on raising my own self-awarenessRead More`` Bad Indians : A Tribal Memoir, Deborah A. Miranda986 Words   |  4 Pages Structure of Our History in Our Present In her novel, Bad Indians: A Tribal Memoir, Deborah A. Miranda theorizes that the underlying patronage of her father’s violent behavior arises from the original acts of violence carried out by the Spanish Catholic Church during the era of missionization in California. The structure of her novel plays an essential role in the development of her theory, and allows her to further generalize it to encompass the entire human population. â€Å"In this beautiful and devastatingRead MoreInfluences For Choosing Social Work As A Career986 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Choosing Social Work as a Career Social work has been my major since childhood. Throughout my life I have persevered against poverty, discrimination, domestic violence, substance abuse and mental health barriers. Due to my experience with these issues, the art of learning grew into a passion and priority. By focusing on my education, I established my identity apart from the status quo of my background and became the first woman in my family to attend college. Despite enrolling without a careerRead MoreBuilding Relationships1094 Words   |  5 Pageswill be presented to the families. There are community resources such as health benefits, assistance for children with disabilities, mental health, domestic violence, and substance abuse agencies that reaps great benefits for families that need it. By developing a trusting relationship, you are better able to provide families guidance concerning personal issues, even through those turbulent times they think no one cares. First, is a health benefit that is available for everyone to apply at the DepartmentRead MoreGoogle Smart To Stop Domestic Violence Case Study763 Words   |  4 PagesTo: Mary Moreno Nintendo USA, Project Manager From: Rohith Yeravothula Date: November 30, 2017 Re: GOOGLE IoT NETWORK TO CURB DOMESTIC VIOLENCE I feel honored and am thankful to Google, for giving me a chance to express my idea as part of Blue Sky initiative. I would like to propose the idea of utilizing Google IoT network devices to curb and eliminate domestic violence in the United States. Domestic violence has been one of the top concerns the United States is facingRead MorePersonal Narrative for Msw1643 Words   |  7 Pageshelp people function the best way they can in their environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and family problems. Social workers often see clients who face a life-threatening disease or a social problem. These problems may include inadequate housing, unemployment, serious illness, disability, or substance abuse. Social workers also assist families that have serious domestic conflicts, including those involving child or spousal abuse. Social workers often provide social servicesRead MoreFinal Program Summary Hsm 2701701 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Project Program Summary Jeerna Meador HSM/270 Program Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Hum Serv (Axia) Instructor: Richard Perrone Week Nine The overall purpose of this paper is to compare program planning in a human service organization by describing how they are related.    There will be examples of how program planning and evaluation interrelate with the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency. We will also look at the technical and political aspects of program planning and evaluation thatRead MoreHow I Use Moving Image And Graphic Art1747 Words   |  7 Pagesexplaining the relationship between my writing and practice. A Pattern of Logic Inquiries The research, both written and visual, is a creative response to the current Syrian conflict. However, it is important to mention here, that my art project does not focus on the political aspect of the conflict and it is not taking a side in supporting or attacking either parties. Instead, my project is concerned with the human aspect of the crisis and the impact of violence on Syrian everyday life. I use movingRead MoreEssay about Domestic Violence In Police Homes1420 Words   |  6 PagesAs all officers know, domestic violence is a serious problem throughout the United States. Unfortunately, it is also a crime that some officers perpetrate in their own homes. When officers - who are sworn to protect and serve in their communities - abuse their power and control at home, they violate the law. When this occurs, the victim, the family, the agency, and the entire community suffer. Officers are trained to maintain control, to use weapons, and to justify their use of force on the job.Re ad MoreMemersion Reflection Analysis1593 Words   |  7 Pagesimmersion experience was the Domestic Violence Center located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. The services provided by this organization to victims of domestic violence are impressive. The second immersion was at the Food Bank of Delaware. It was great to tour the Food Bank facility and see workers in action to fight hunger in Delaware. Both immersion activities were enjoyable learning experiences. In addition, I enjoyed learning about some of the other immersions that my colleagues attended as well

lean at wipro Essay examples - 8147 Words

9-607-032 OCTOBER 16, 2006 DAVID M. UPTON BRADLEY R. STAATS Lean at Wipro Technologies â€Å"We want to bring the next generation of lean thinking into our processes and weave it into our system so it will lead to a sustainable competitive advantage.† — Azim Premji, Wipro Chairman Sambuddha Deb (â€Å"Deb†), Wipro Technologies Chief Quality Officer and Head of Operational Excellence, and Alexis Samuel, General Manager Process, Tools and Productivity, each thanked the other attendees at the lean project review session and walked out the door together. The bright January sunshine and garden-like setting of the Wipro Technologies campus in Bangalore, India was a good match for their current moods. As they made their way to their cars†¦show more content†¦Revenue was distributed globally with the United States, Europe and the rest of the world accounting for 67%, 27%, and 6% of total FY2005 revenue, respectively. Over 95% of Wipro employees had degrees in science or engineering prior to joining the company. While the company was an outsourced provider of software services it worked on projects both onsite (at a customer’s location) and offshore (at Wipro facilities primarily in India). In 2005, the company completed approximately 75% of its work offshore and 25% onsite. Both cost pressure (work done offshore was relatively cheaper) and a shortage of work visas (particularly in the United States) were pushing Wipro to complete more work offshore. Wipro billed for its projects using one of two approaches. Its initial approach, known as time and materials (TM), involved billing a client at a pre-specified rate for the actual number of hours that its software engineers worked on the project plus the cost of any software or tools required. In the newer approach, known as a fixed price project (FPP), Wipro quoted its customer a guaranteed price for the work and then was responsible for delivering the final product. Any effort overages on a FPP were the responsibility of Wipro. In 2005, the company’s revenues were split approximately 80/20 between TM and FPP, respectively. The percentage of FPP was growing as clients were becoming more comfortable with outsourcedShow MoreRelatedAutomated Software Development : The Inspiration1344 Words   |  6 Pagesplatforms. Wipro observed that a lot of these projects were similar in nature and felt that they could offer common solutions with just some customizations and hence save up on costs. Wipro also wanted to consolidate the initial steps of engagement with their customers and wanted every small incoming project to go through a particular process rather than have a new process created around the requirements. This is when Wipro first felt the need to automate their software development processes. Wipro is aRead MoreLean Manufacturing And Six Sigma1657 Words   |  7 Pagescustomers. Lean Manufacturing and Six-sigma approach has been applied in diverse manufacturing processes which in-turn has contributed significantly in achieving continuous improvements. By utilizing these tools, organizations focus on maximizing their bottom-line successes apart from improving their top-line growth. However, many organizations face difficulties while imparting these tools in their sophisticated business models. 2. Lean Six-sigma Methodology 2.1 Lean Management in Toyota Lean principlesRead MoreA Successful Entrepreneur: Azim Hashim Premji6129 Words   |  25 Pageswas born on July 24th 1945 in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, to a Gujarati Khoja Ismaili Shia Muslim family. Azim H. Premji was born to M.H. Hasham Premji. His father M. H. Premji owned the Western India Vegetable Product Company (which later became Wipro Ltd.) which made hydrogenated vegetable oils and fats. His grandfather was the rice king of Burma. His father had declined an invitation from Muhammed Ali Jinnah to go to Pakistan. Premji attended St. Mary`s School I.C.S.E. in Mazagaon, Mumbai. WhileRead MorePorters 5 Forces2478 Words   |  10 Pages Porters Five Forces analysis for IT industry Wipro Technologies is a global information technology (IT) services company. It provides custom application design and development, IT consulting, systems integration, technology infrastructure out sourcing, software products and BPO services. Michael Porters Five Forces Model looks at five key areas- the threat of entry, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Threat of new entrants: NewRead MoreWipros Hr Strategy7823 Words   |  32 Pages INTRODUCTION Wipro Limited is a $5 billion Indian conglomerate. According to the 2008-09 revenue, Wipro is the second largest IT Company in India. Wipro Ltd has interests varying from information technology, consumer care, lighting, engineering and healthcare business. Azim Premji is the Chairman of the board. Wipro technologies provide integrated business, technology and process solutions on a global delivery platform. Wipro employ 100,000 people across 56 nationalities. Wipro Limited was incorporatedRead MoreEngineering and Technology975 Words   |  4 Pagesevents on and off the campus. I would further intend to perpetuate contributing to the community services while pursuing MS in Canada. I have had thirteen months of workplace experience with one of the premier software solutions provider in India: Wipro Technologies. The initial learning program gave me a colossal insight into the company’s visions of grooming the best software professionals. My specializations have been in SQL/PL-SQL development. In line with my work mission, I have completed myRead MoreLean Management2486 Words   |  10 PagesLEAN IN PRODUCTION AND SERVICE The word term ‘’LEAN’’ was put together to describe and personalize Toyota’s business activity during the 1980’s by a research team headed by one Jim Womack, Ph.D., at MIT’s international Motor vehicle programme. According to them, the concept of ‘LEAN’ was fathered by Taiichi Ohno of Toyota. Ohno developed a contrasting approach to the mass production methods of US car firms through necessity. Later, in 1996, Jim Womack’s team espoused the five lean principlesRead MoreSmiths Information Services, Inc. Is Entering Into Phase 1 Of The Corporate Overhead Reduction Program1710 Words   |  7 PagesData Center Restructure Purpose Smith’s Information Services, Inc. is entering into Phase 1 of the Corporate Overhead Reduction Program. This process is heavily driven by the implementation of the LEAN Six Sigma principals rolled out companywide 6 months ago. The first part of this process was to identify areas of opportunity to reduce waste and improve operational efficiency. The greatest area of opportunity that has been identified is the data center and the continual increased costs of maintainingRead MoreCloud Computing in Education3058 Words   |  13 Pagesupdated by Cynapse and hosted by Amazon, ensuring an infrastructure-free and worry-free Cyn.in experience. f) Wipro Technologies †¢ Base Location: India †¢ Cloud Offering: Wipro w-SaaS †¢ Cloud Type: SaaS Wipro has built w-SaaS, a platform for rapid SaaS enablement and deployment on cloud, using some of the commonly accepted trends in software engineering and open standards. Wipro chose Oracle (Oracle Database, Oracle WebLogic Application Server and Oracle VM) as the deployment platformRead MoreSix Sigma: Overview3392 Words   |  14 Pageslate 1990s, about two-thirds of the Fortune 500 organizations had begun Six Sigma initiatives with the aim of reducing costs and improving quality. In recent years[update], some practitioners have combined Six Sigma ideas with lean manufacturing to yield a methodology named Lean Six Sigma. Methods Six Sigma projects follow two project methodologies inspired by Deming s Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle. These methodologies, comprised of five phases each, bear the acronyms DMAIC and DMADV. †¢ DMAIC

Mayans Customs Traditions Free Essays

The Mayans believed that the world was full of spirits and ghost, that every creation had an unseen power. A mountain can hold a deity and a rock a spirit, much like animism. It is to their belief that ghosts come out at night and spirits roam the jungle. We will write a custom essay sample on Mayans Customs Traditions or any similar topic only for you Order Now To get in touch with the supernatural, such as the jaguar spirit or other transformations, the shaman (a priest who uses magic for certain purposes) would use hallucinogenic plants found in the jungle with a doobie. Mayans believed that some certain of their ancestors were reborn as gods. According to the Spanish, Mayans could date back their ancestry hundreds of years ago in detail. Rituals would be performed to their ancestors to gain favour and support. When a member of the family died, they would be buried in simple graves under their houses and the wealthy ones would be buried in tombs along with their belongings such as jewellery, pottery and food. According to Mayan beliefs, it is common for them to have ancestor worships, especially to the royals as they believe that they have re-joined the gods. They also believed that the gods had spilled their own blood to form human flesh. Mayan blood sacrifices were a ritual of returning blood to the gods. One way they did this was by ripping hearts out of the human sacrifice, mainly high- ranking war prisoners, and leaving it there for the gods or by pushing them down a cliff. They used human sacrifice because it was believed that human blood made the gods stronger. Yet, another custom was practiced which was self-torture, where they would pierce a body part and run a thread through to let the blood run down it. Sometimes, the Mayans would have dances and dressed up in clothing and masks resembling their gods. The dances were made to ensure the success crops throughout the year. Prior to marriage, Mayan families would use an atanzahab, or matchmaker to examine the couple’s horoscope to avoid future conflicts. Typically, the bride’s family would be given compensation for their daughter and the groom would have to work for the bride’s father for a period of time. The couple would meet for the first time at their wedding ceremony and would not speak to each other until they were married. One major game Mayans would play was a ball game where they had to hit a ball through a ring vertically. They would be rewarded with fine jewellery if they won or be tied up and sent to the high priest to be decapitated then rolled down the long steps to the plaza’s floor below. Thank you. How to cite Mayans Customs Traditions, Papers

Corporate Governance Failures And Scandals In Recent History Accounting Essay Example For Students

Corporate Governance Failures And Scandals In Recent History Accounting Essay In this essay, we are traveling to contemplate jurisprudence, which is one of the most cardinal jurisdictional countries at nowadays. Value will be given to the unraveling of the important country of company jurisprudence. One should admit that in the past two centuries, several corporate prostrations have overturn the facts in the concern universe and brought many alterations in the corporate field in UK and abroad. In nearing this issue, the authorities seeks to forestall the repeat of accounting dirts and fraud. It introduces governmental governments, that will put the model in the UK corporate system. We are traveling to analyze and analyse the basic legal issues originating with the application of the Combined Code and the UK statute law and whether their utility to the aims of a company, is a fact or whether is a practical world. In measuring this inquiry, it is of import to province that a good corporate administration is an indispensable demand for a big organisation. A corporate administration, is considered to be the model of regulations, relationships, systems and procedures within and by which authorization is exercised and controlled in corporations, while it encompasses the mechanisms by which companies and those in control, are held to account. The chief intent of corporate administration is the facilitation of effectual, entrepreneurial and prudent direction that will be able to present the long-run success of the company. The aims of a company, are achieved through the completion of the processs of corporate administration rules, that are set out in the Combined Code. Outline1 Corporate Scandals2 Committees3 Corporate Governance Code 20104 Evaluation of the Corporate Governance Code5 Decision Corporate Scandals Corporate administration failures and dirts in recent history, must be taken into history, in order to grok the grounds that have led to the creative activity of the Combined Code. The dirts came into the light affecting well-known houses such as Maxwell, that was brought to the attending of the general populace for jobs associated with the direction of pension financess and their security. Another major dirt was the Enron dirt, who concerned several parties who gained personal benefits from illegal accounting processs. In add-on, WorldCom corporate dirt was the one where accounting abnormalities led the house to bankruptcy. In Polly peck the proprietor was accused of fraud because he owed a huge sum of money to investors. BCCI was found guilty of accusals of misrepresentation and the laundering of money. An of import illustration which showed the demand for an effectual system was Parmalat which was similar to Enron s. The former events have highlighted serious shortcoming in world- wide pension statute law, and were behind policy-making throughout the decennary. Committees These unanticipated corporate dirts gave drift to authoritiess and regulative organic structures to outline a Code that will guard the hereafter of companies from state of affairss such as these. Several commissions were formed, refering the development of corporate administration which is considered the internal agencies by which corporations are operated and controlled. Initially, the CadburyCommittee drafted The Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance which encouraged the houses to change the construction and duties of the board of managers, to increase the value and effectivity of the audit and the relationship between the board and stockholders and concerned the duties of institutional stockholders. The Cadbury commission was followed by the Greenburycommission, where it was acknowledged that the scrutiny of managers wage was a necessary demand. The Hampelcommission that took topographic point in 1998, reviewed and updated the earlier recommend ations by the two old commissions. This Concluding study emphasized on rules of good administration instead than explicit regulation in order to cut down the regulative load on companies and avoid box-ticking so as to be flexible plenty to be applicable to all companies. Furthermore, the Higgsand SmithReviews formulated the Combined Code 2002. Harmonizing to the Higgs Review the effectivity and independency of non-executive managers are of importance, while with the Smith Review the function of the audit commission is established. Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter EssayNEDs need to be nonsubjective and non to be affected by extra factors. At the beginning, it seemed to be clearly effectual, since they would guarantee the manager s actions and the company in general, in order non to give drift to at hand dirts. However, we can province that they are non considered as a great solution since the work is non so effectual. Furthermore, the stockholder s effectual communicating demands to be evaluated. Harmonizing to the rule there should be a duologue with stockholders based on the common apprehension of aims. It is considered really indispensable that the board is given the chance to pass on with stockholders. This will accomplish a better administration because the purposes and Scopess of stockholders will be heard and therefore comprehended by the board. Stockholders and the board, can hold the possible to be each other s greatest beginning of development. Therefore, by reenforcing each other s sentiment will ensue to great solutions of legion concerns and this will carry through better administration schemes. Additionally, a comply or explain footing is used when using the Code on Corporate Governance. This attack was forwarded by the Cadbury Committee. Harmonizing to this attack companies were obliged to either indicate whether they achieved to follow with the codification in their one-year studies or otherwise explicate any countries of non-compliance. This attack is non considered to be lawfully adhering alternatively it is voluntary. Companies have the right to pick, yet when they choose non to implement the Code, a rational ground must be given to the stockholders since they are traveling to be judged by it. The country of non-compliance is non really clear alternatively it is critical, but there is non an duty to follow because the Code is non lawfully enforced. However the Code provides flexibleness for those who choose to use it. Therefore this needs to be examined for a more effectual work of the Code, however the comply or explain mechanism can accomplish a good administratio n construction. The Code has raised the criterions in the field of corporate administration. Through its execution, it hasA become effectual for several companies. From the first clip it was introduced since now it has received many updates, in order to make flawlessness. Nevertheless, the assorted rules provided by the Code demand to be critically observed and improved. It is really of import to mean that corporate dirts have been reduced, yet they are non vanished. Regulators need to concentrate on bing jobs and supply major developments of ill-defined countries of the Code. Decision As has been shown, several issues originating from the application of the Combined Code and the legislative model have been analyzed and embodied in the essay. Their extended probe, helped us root out whether the authorities actions in accomplishing satisfactory corporate administration processs, can be established. Consequently, the Combined Code has improved the corporate administration criterions, yet there are several unequal countries that need to be developed. Concurrently, it is indispensable to warrant that in order to advance a good administration, all facets of the Code demand to be efficaciously welcomed and applied, with both cognition and consciousness of their utility, by the corporate system. A combination of the right people at the right topographic point along with the current administration government, can represent the critical ingredients that over clip, will guarantee a successful company.

Liberty! The American Revolution

By what specific steps did the American Revolution transform from a revolt of thirteen British colonies meant to secure the colonists’ traditional English rights under Crown rule in a war meant to establish an independent nation in which the people are sovereign and equal rights before the law?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liberty! The American Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Explanation The American revolt started as a fight against inequality. The thirteen colonies were not strangers to the oppressions and intolerable acts of the British parliament. The oppression included harsh tax laws. The people were not represented in their tax revenues and termed the oppression as an act of inequality. Similar oppressions broke out in different colonies. In Boston, the people rejected Townshend law and called for a rebellion. The British branded the rebellion as a sign of weakness on their part. They used force to crush the rebellion among the colonies. The colonies defended themselves against the oppression and gave their lives for the common cause. They organized a continental meeting and pledged to protect each other against any oppression. The continental meeting in 1774 signaled the turning point of the American Revolution. The American Revolution began without a cause against inequality. The oppressions of the colonies by the British became a regular occurrence and the people sought a solution. The colonies were loyal to the King, but they did not enjoy the treatments they received. They were dragged like slaves and used as tools for recreation. The Americans termed this act to be intolerable but did not foresee a chance of secession from the British rule. Within the colonies, small groups of rich men gathered to discuss politics of the day, each taking turns to curse the King and his troops.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was difficult to revolt against the King given their present predicament. The colonies were slaves to the British by every standard. The food they ate, the water they drank, the wages they received, came from the British. How could they stage a revolt when all their supplies came from the British? The oppression continued and the people of Boston became defiant with the King’s troops. They staged a peaceful revolt against the King. The militia in Boston dumped an entire shipment of tea into the sea prompting wild outrage. This incident set in motion a chain of events called the American Revolution. The colonies came together as a union to transform a revolt under crown rule to a war meant to establish an independent nation called America. The words of the tea party spread across Britain within days, the British troops described the rebellion as a revolt in the family and decided to flush the tiny group before they grew in n umbers. The King ordered the occupation of Boston by the British military and the use of force if necessary to enforce their loyalty. The Boston revolt did not gain acceptance by the majority because they never saw a chance of victory against the King. Even the sober or drunkard did not curse the King or boast the independence. The revolt gathered momentum; small groups of militias grew in numbers. People began to weigh the events that played out with caution. They argue that the same treatment given to Boston could be replicated to another colony charged with rebellion. By 1774, fifty-six leaders among the colonies met in Massachusetts to pledge their allegiance to a common cause: defend or die trying.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liberty! The American Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The colonies were strangers to themselves, they hardly relate. They were closer to the King’s men than them selves. The meeting in Philadelphia signaled the turning point of the American Revolution. People with different backgrounds from thirteen colonies united in a common cause. Their cause became known as a common sense. The thirteen colonies were adequately protected by British troops, but they wanted liberty. During the meeting in Philadelphia, the delegates comprising of businessmen, plantation owners, jurists, lawyers pledged their loyalty to each other. They agreed to a bond, in pain and sorrow to fight any form of operation. They agreed to stop the importation of British goods and depend on their local supplies. Their businessmen refused to trade with the British and closed all routes of the slave trade in their colonies. These steps changed the course of a revolt in a war for an independent nation. The businessmen in London suffered from the boycott. They petitioned the British parliament. To enforce their authority, British troops ordered the arrest of the leaders of the militi as and seizure of ammunitions. The troops led by General Cage entered Lexington to enforce their authority. The events of that evening changed American history. Words of war echoed across the thirteen colonies and they united with a common cause to defend their territory. When the tales of Lexington broke out, the remaining colonies knew the time has come and there was no way back.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The British troops, driven by anger to suppress the rebellion, fought with courage and the people of America who took their fight as a revolt from the traditions of the British rule, believed in the American Revolution. The second meeting held by the thirteen colonies voted money to assist the militias in Boston. They drafted the declaration of independence and the United States of America became a dream. This essay on Liberty! The American Revolution was written and submitted by user Bo B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cultural Differences in Perception Essay Example

Cultural Differences in Perception Essay Example Cultural Differences in Perception Essay Cultural Differences in Perception Essay The cultural influence of difference in focus and categorization In the research article, â€Å"The influence of culture: holistic versus analytic perception† provided by Richard E. Nisbett and Yuri Miyamoto, there is evidence that perceptual processes are influenced by culture. The research found that Western cultures focus on salient objects and use rules and categorization for purposes of organizing the environment, whereas, East Asian cultures focus more holistically on relationships and similarities among the objects when organizing the environment. In an illustrative study both rural Chinese and American children were shown a picture of a man, a woman, and a baby. The Chinese children tended to group the woman and the baby because of the relationship between the two, a woman takes care of a baby. American children tended to group the man and the woman because they are both adults. The results indicated that culture influences late stages of perception and categorization. In another study East Asians and European Americans were presented with the Rod-and-Frame Test. In this test a rod or line is shown inside a frame, which can be rotated around the rod. The participants were asked to state when the rod appeared vertical even if the position of the frame was in a different position. The East Asian participants made more errors than the European American participants. This indicated that the East Asians were attending more to the whole field which made it difficult to ignore the frame. It was found that East Asians not only attended more to the field, but they noticed it earlier, remembered more about it, and related the object to the field in memory. Additional evidence that Asians pay more attention to context comes from work by Masuda and Nisbett. They presented American and Japanese participants with two animated pictures of a farm. The two pictures had various small differences in details. Some of the changes differed in focal objects and other changes were made in the field and relationships between objects. The findings showed small differences in styles of attending to information in the environment. In conclusion Nisbett and Miyamoto found, â€Å"considerable evidence that shows that Asians are inclined to attend to, perceive and remember contexts and relationships whereas Westerners are more likely to attend to, perceive and remember the attributes of salient objects and their category memberships† (Paragraph 10). Eye-movements during scene perception In the past hundred years, cultural differences in perceptual judgment and memory have been observed. It has been found that Westerners pay more attention to focal object whereas East Asians pay more attention to contextual information. Hannah Faye Chua, Julie E. Boland, and Richard E. Nisbett wrote a research article, â€Å"Cultural variation in eye movement during scene perception† in which they studied such cultural differences. They examined the possibility that the differences came from culturally different viewing patterns when confronted with a nature scene. The authors did so by measuring the eye movements of both American cultured individuals and Chinese cultured individuals while they viewed photographs with a focal object in a complex background. They found that the Americans fixated more on focal objects and the Chinese participants paid more attention to the background. It appeared to Nisbett, Boland, and Chua that the differences in judgment and memory may have come from differences in what is actually attended as people view a picture. In the study performed by Nisbett, Boland, and Chua participants were asked to sit in front of a computer screen with a head-mounted eye-movement tracker. The individual would start the session by looking at a plus sign in the middle of a black screen followed by a scenic picture. The findings from study Easterners and Westerners differ in assigning information to objects versus backgrounds. The East Asians were less likely to correctly recognize old foregrounded objects when presented in new back grounds. Providing more evidence that East Asians appear to bind objects with backgrounds in perception. Therefore the cultural differences in visual memory are likely caused by how people from Eastern and Western cultures view scenes and are not only due to cultural norms. American participants looked at the foregrounded object sooner and longer than the Chinese whereas the Chinese looked more at the background than the Americans did. It is thought that this is due to the fact that East Asians live in relatively complex social networks. Thus, attention to context is important for effective functioning. Westerners, however, live in less constraining social worlds that stress independence which allows them to pay less attention to context. Thought habits in different cultures In the research done by Nisbett and his colleges it is found that individuals not only think about different things but think differently over all. In all the studies it was found that Easterners think more holistically, paying more attention to context and relationship and relying more on experience-based knowledge than abstract logic and showed more tolerance for contradiction. Westerners are more analytic, tending to detach objects from their context to avoid contradiction. They relied heavily on formal logic. The Asian participants in the studies showed greater attention to the background of scenes than the objects in the background whereas the Americans showed greater attention to the objects. When it came to interpreting events in the social world, the Asians seemed similarly sensitive to context more quickly than the Americans did. This can cause different views when perceiving world events.

The Psychology Victimization of Miss Lonelyhearts Essay

The Psychology Victimization of Miss Lonelyhearts - Essay Example This paper analyzes the psychological victimization of Miss Lonelyhearts. It argues that Miss Lonelyhearts is a victim of his society, relationships, and his own spiritual and emotional disintegration, and his psychology has become too nihilistic that he could no longer feel his humanity and find meaning in his existence. Society has victimized Miss Lonelyhearts through the capitalist labor system that treat people as means to corporate ends. Capitalism has numbed Miss Lonelyhearts and made him incapable of acknowledging and responding to human suffering (Scheurich and Mullen 572). He receives many letters that range from the mundane to the terribly appalling. One letter is from a vain girl with no nose, while the other confides that his mentally-ill sister has been raped, and he does know what to do. These letters, however, are not trivial for they represent a â€Å"great mass of suffering† that have interrelated social, economic, political, and cultural dimensions (Scheurich and Mullen 573). Particularly recurrent is the demand for material goods and physical attraction. Correspondents are concerned of their physical appearance to institutions or individuals that they regard as important. People are also complaining of getting more money and not feeling that they have enough wealth to satisfy their needs, as well as others, and so life has become a means of pursuing materialist existence. Capitalism is represented in this pursuit of superficial happiness that spans physical and material needs (Bromige 4). In addition, capitalism exists in the labor markets and its dynamics. Workers like Miss Lonelyhearts are trapped in jobs that are monotonous and exploitative, but they cannot easily find new ones for lack of better job opportunities. Furthermore, their managers treat them as means to corporate ends. Shrike uses Miss Lonelyhearts as an emotional punching bag. He also demeans correspondents, because their plight is not truly important to him. Shrike fin ds joy in using people and ensuring readership for his newspaper. Different social relationships also oppress Miss Lonelyhearts. Miss Lonelyhearts is a victim of a bully at the workplace. Because of his emotionally and spiritually exhausting job, he often feels unwell and looks for means to alleviate his inner turmoil. One time, after being sick and staying in his room for three days, Betty nudges him to leave his job. Miss Lonelyhearts admits that he took the job as a joke, but the joke no longer means anything to him. Pleas for advice force him to examine his own values and conditions, and he, too, has turned into â€Å"the victim of the joke† (Bromige 3). Shrike breaks into the room and mocks him to live at the South Seas: â€Å"I take your silence to mean that you have decided against the soil. I agree with you. Such a life is too dull and laborious. Let us now consider the South Seas† (West). The South Seas represent the expanse of opportunities that are paradoxic ally not available to Miss Lonelyhearts. He can only dream about his attempt to escape his world. Miss Lonelyhearts also victimizes his own identity by not resolving his inner conflicts. He uses Betty and other people to fill his emptiness. For instance, in a vacation, he spends time with Betty, but he does not feel better afterwards. The same feeling of

Tax File Memorandam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tax File Memorandam - Assignment Example According to Section 165(c) (3): Reg. Â §1.165-7, losses which can be in partial or complete damage of properties that are contributed due to storm, shipwreck or fire, or any other casualty are considered to be deductible casualty losses. Again, IRS Publication 547: Casualties, Disasters, and Theft [2013] demands that, any damage associated with any automobile accident becomes considered under a deductible casualty loss. It is when the automobile is used for either business or for personal use as stated in Reg. Â §1. 165-7(a) (3). However, it is required that for a taxpayer to be able to claim the casualty deductible, the event that causes the casualty must be determined as sudden [see Rev. Rul. 72-592, 1972-2 CB 101]. A sudden event is required to be swift and happens very fast at ones. It is different from an even which is progressive and takes time gradually. We would consider that Georges automobile submerged into the frozen lake at ones and not gradually since it occurred with in a short period. The event is qualified to be a swift, hence a sudden one. George can only be denied the deduction if the court carries out its research well and finds out that it is through Georges negligence, (W.H. Carpenter v Commr, 25 TCM 1186, Dec.28.148 (M)), that his automobile was submerged and destroyed (Reg. Â §1. 165-7(a)(3)(i)). However, under the circumstance of sudden destruction of the automobile, including looting, fire or theft, George and any other taxpayer will be allowed a deduction. It is, therefore, determined that, in Georges case, the damage to the automobile was more likely than not, caused by a causality. The determination could only occur if George were not aware of the possibility that the frozen lake could submerge. However, if it could be determined that George was aware of the possibility that the frozen lake could possibly submerge, and he went ahead to park his car on it, then the deduction could be denied due to

Why is Frankenstein Guilty?

Why is Frankenstein Guilty? I may die; but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful. -The Monster, Ch. 20 I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. In Waltons final letter to his sister, he recounts the words that the monster speaks to him over Victors dead body. This eruption of angry self-pity as the monster questions the injustice of how he has been treated compellingly captures his inner life, giving Walton and the reader a glimpse into the suffering that has motivated his crimes. This line also evokes the motif of abortion: the monster is an unwanted life, a creation abandoned and shunned by his creator. Frankenstein was a man whose ambition led to a disaster; His actions led to evil. Is Frankenstein an innocent? In my opinion, he was not an innocent. The meaning of innocent is to free from evil or guilt. The word Frankenstein is defined in the dictionary (Encarta Dictionary) as a creator of something that causes ruin or destruction, or brings about a personal downfall, showing a well suited name. A common quotation is that One is innocent until proved guilty, If this quotation is applied to Victor Frankenstein, he would be innocent, for creating a human, which was morally and contextually incorrect; He would be innocent for allowing the murders of William, Justine, Elizabeth and Clerval to take place. It may be true that Frankenstein did not physically murder, however, he is the main cause, and the reason they died. Frankenstein never admitted to his families what he had done; he never took responsibility for his actions. The so called monster murdered for companionship, not to seek revenge from his victims, but to seek revenge from Frankenstein. The circumstances forced Frankensteins monster to do so, Victor was the instigator of these circumstances. My first thought was to discover what I knew of the murderer and cause instant pursuit to be made. But I paused when I reflected on the story I had to tell.(Frankenstein, Mary Shelley), This shows that Victor had the knowledge that he was the reason William was dead. Frankenstein didnt need to know about the murderer, because he indirectly was the murderer, through the circumstances he created for the monster, as I mentioned briefly before. Frankensteins reason for creating the creature was his interest in his studies, which led him to the idea of bettering mankind. Victor thought he was doing a service to humanity by creating a new human. A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. This quote shows his ego behind these plans. He wanted to conquer death, something the average human could not do. He wanted to be revered highly by this so called perfect and beautiful creature. According to him, it may have been acceptable to play the role of god; maybe his being a scientist is why he didnt think of what was morally correct. However, the quote shows that right from the start, Victor had an idea of how he would somewhat be stepping into the shoes of a godlike figure, he outlines the fact that he would be superior, and he would have the power to renew the dead. This proves that he had no innocence, or naivety in terms of knowing precisely what he was doing and what it would lead to. After creating his creature, on the basis of aesthetics, he shunned it. He may also have shunned it because he already conquered death, so in his view, he may have already obtained the status of god, or a superior power, something no one had achieved. He didnt think about anything past the ugliness of the creature, or his personal benefits. His selfishness is what ultimately destroyed him and others as well. The creature he created is more like a project to Frankenstein, his aim is to conquer death, and once he has done so, the project is over. Not once does he consider the fact that he has simply given birth to a new human being, with feelings and emotion, a live creature who has to be taught the ways of life as if it is a baby. Frankensteins abandonment of the creature is another factor that proves him guilty, and not innocent. Frankenstein was wrong for being irresponsible, short sighted, and neglecting his creature. He didnt give his creature anything he needed. Its his own fault that the creature comes back saying I may die; but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful. The creature was deprived of the companionship, which he could only get from his creator. The creature figures that the only way he can get some attention, is by threatening his creator. This could be compared to a situation with a child and a parent. Frankenstein is somewhat the parent of his creature. His job is to nurture him, but because of his own ego, he runs away. If it were a parent and a child, the child would be defenceless because it hasnt even developed physically, however the creature is an example where he is an uneducated child, with a higher physical strength. Frankensteins creature thinks through intuition, as any child who hasnt learnt anything would do. He doesnt know whats right and wrong, so he doesnt know its wrong to threaten; he doesnt know its wrong to kill. Blaming him is like blaming a child for breaking a valuable, such as a vase. You cant blame the child because their knowledge hasnt developed, they havent yet learnt. However in the childs case, after making such a mistake, the child would be taught not to do so again, creating a basis of how it is wrong, this does not take place for the creature. It could be argued that the creature shou ld know through Victors fear, but does a child learn anything when it senses fear? No, it anything, it will only learn to keep intimidating. Frankensteins faults of his creation, or you could say his faults in parenting, in fact started from the very beginning. Frankensteins creature is described as having dark black hair, yellow skin, black lips and eyes sunk into his sockets (Shelly 56). Its quite ironic that Frankenstein feared his own creation, he is the one who hand-picked the features his so called perfect man would have. For him to say breathless horror and disgust filled my heart(56), towards a creation of his own, just shows his tendency towards aesthetics, and how backward he is in terms of being accepting, yet how forward he is in terms of doing something new. He is responsible for the way the creature turned out. This once more, proves his irresponsibility, and his view to the creation as a project. His attitude towards the creature is why he was irresponsible. He wasnt serious enough, or perhaps he wasnt ready to face negative consequences, seeing as he was a perfectionist. The background Frankenstein created in terms of nurture is what caused his creature to murder. Victor admitted to creating the monster, but he denied that he drove the monster to commit murder. He wouldnt admit to anyone; not himself, not his family, that he was the one who allowed the murders to take place. He allowed Clerval, his wife Elizabeth, his brother William and Justines death to take place because he didnt take the blame for his actions. If he had admitted to his actions earlier, less deaths would have been caused, if he had been responsible, and given the creature what it needed, he would not be guilty of four murders. In the end, Frankenstein was at loss of everything close to him, he blamed the monster, but it was his fault. He had a faint idea that it was his fault, although no one could possibly be able to admit to murdering the people close to you. The only way he could be innocent, is for not literally taking a knife and stabbing his relatives. However the pain he got from his creature was his own fault. Innocence lies in having no sense of guilt for any action of yours, this, Victor did clearly not have. The creature couldnt stop himself from destroying Victor, because Victor couldnt stop himself from creating the creature. The creature was an innocent; it only reacted to the actions of society. Victor was guilty in every way.

King control Essay

After 400 AD, there was no central power in the West, but a central ecclesiastical power, which claimed primacy from the earliest times. The barbarian invasions and the ensuing anarchy resulted in a tremendous growth in the power of the papacy. With the appearance of strong political powers in Europe, a struggle between the papacy and the kings started to grow. The principal disagreement was the proper distribution of power; the king was believed to be the ruler by divine right. Should the King control church as well, contrary to the belief of pope as vicar of God on earth? It was in these circumstances that, Pope Boniface VII appeared on the religious scene in Europe. As Papacy was congested with internal wrangling of war of succession, it is believed that Pope Benedict VI (973-974) was strangled to death. For Boniface VII, papacy was a secular issue, rather than a divine mission, which had to be acquired by all means. After his accession, with in a month, he was forced to leave the Constantinople, but he did not hesitate to steal a large sum of money from the Vatican treasury. After nine years of exile, he returned with an army to depose his successor Pope John XIV (983-984). All these deeds earned him the name of Antipope. According to historians Boniface VII sitting in Peter’s chair was at the lowest point in the papal history. This decline and corruption in church was visible at the time of Gregory VII accession to the papacy. He laments the unhappy state of the Church in the following words, â€Å"Wherever I turn my eyes–to the west, to the north, or to the south, I find bishops who have obtained their office in irregular ways†. Gregory made efforts to stamp out the Church from major evils, for him the Bishop of Rome was not simply the court of last appeal, but the pope was to govern the universal Church as a vicar of St Peter. The medieval kingdoms were religious states and king as the head of people was the supreme authority in religious, as well as in political matters. The spiritual governance was now in the hands of the bishops and pope, kingship had to be understood differently and new foundations laid for the political authority of the state. The state deprived of its spiritual authority was forced to conceive itself as a corporate body independent of the Church. Gregory knew that the customs prevailing in the Church and society had no foundation in ancient Christian tradition. According to him faithfulness did not mean slavish obedience to the rituals, but faith required deeper understanding of the religion. Gregory began his great work of purifying the Church by a reformation of the clergy and enacted a number of decrees, such as banning the office of sacred orders by payment, baring guilty priests from exercising ministries, and rejection of the clerics who failed to obey these injunctions. These decrees were met with vigorous resistance, but were partially successful. Pope Boniface VII and Gregory VII had the same ambitions, but with different point of views. According to Pope Boniface VII, Church cannot not be separated from the state, there had to be balance for this co-existence. Gregory VII, on the contrary de-sacralized the authority of the king, and separated the spiritual world from politics. As a result, the Church became a sovereign body with its own head, administrative structure, body of law, and courts, which eventually gave rise to the modern state. Source: Ullmann. W (1962), The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages: A Study in the Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power, Methuen London. Catholic Encyclopedia, Pope St. Gregory VII (8 Nov. 2005), http://www. newadvent. org/cathen/06791c. htm

Mother Tongue and Foreign Language Learning Essay

These five basic theories are, furthermore, very much complementary to each other, serving different types of learners or representing various cases of language learning. They must not automatically make us presume that first and second language learning are identical or alike processes, though second language learning is strongly tied up with first language acquisition. Obviously, native language growth must pave the way for foreign language growth. Then these five basic language learning theories are fundamental pillars of language learning whose relevance to education is undeniable. The Principle of the Behaviorist Theory The behaviorist theory believes that â€Å"infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving imitation, rewards, and practice. Human role models in an infant’s environment provide the stimuli and rewards,† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). When a child attempts oral language or imitates the sounds or speech patterns they are usually praised and given affection for their efforts. Thus, praise and affection becomes the rewards. However, the behaviorist theory is scrutinized for a variety of reasons. If rewards play such a vital component in language development, what about the parent who is inattentive or not present when the child attempts speech? If a baby’s language learning is motivated strictly by rewards would the speech attempts stop merely for lack of rewards (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004)? Other cases against this theory include â€Å"learning the use and meaning of abstract words, evidence of novel forms of language not modeled by others, and uniformity of language acquisition in humans† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). The Background of the Behaviorist Theory I) Behaviorist theory dwells on spoken language. That is, primary medium of language is oral: speech is language because there are many languages without written forms, because we learn to speak before we learn to read and write. Then, language is primarily what is spoken and secondarily what is written. That’s why spoken language must have a pri ¬ority in language teaching. 2)Behaviorist theory is the habit formation theory of language teaching and learning, reminding us the learning of structural grammar. Language learning concerns us by â€Å"not problem-solving but the in ¬formation and performance of habits† (Nelson Brooks, 1960; 46-47). In other words, language learning is a mechanical process leading the learners to habit formation whose underlying scheme is the conditioned reflex. Thus it is definitely true that language is controlled by the con ¬sequences of behavior. 3)The stimulus-response chain, Response, is a pure ease of conditioning. Behaviorist learning theory â€Å"emphasizes conditioning and building from the simplest conditioned responses to more and more complex behaviors† (David S. Palermo, 1978; 19-20). This comes to mean that clauses and sentences are learned linearly as longer and lon ¬ger stimulus-response chains, produced in a left-to right series of sequence like as probabilistic incidents, which are basically Markov’s processes. Each stimulus is thus thc caser of a response, and each response becomes the initiator of a stimulus, and this process goes on and on in this way. 4) All learning is the establishment of habits as the result of rein ¬forcement and reward. Positive reinforcement is reward while negative reinforcement is punishment. In a stimulus situation, a response is exer ¬ted, and if the response is positively augmented by a reward, then the association between the stimulus and response is itself reinforced and thus the response will very likely be manipulated by every appearance of stimulus. The result will yield conditioning. When responses to stimuli are coherently reinforced, then habit formation is established. It is be ¬cause of this fact that this theory is termed habit-formation-by-reinfor ¬cement theory. 5) The learning, due to its socially-conditioned nature, can be the same for each individual. In other words, each person can learn equally if the conditions in which the learning takes place are the same for each person. The behaviorist theory believes that â€Å"infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving imitation, rewards, and practice. Human role models in an infant’s environment provide the stimuli and rewards,† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). When a child attempts oral language or imitates the sounds or speech patterns they are usually praised and given affection for their efforts. Thus, praise and affection becomes the rewards. However, the behaviorist theory is scrutinized for a variety of reasons. If rewards play such a vital component in language development, what about the parent who is inattentive or not present when the child attempts speech? If a baby’s language learning is motivated strictly by rewards would the speech attempts stop merely for lack of rewards (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004)? Other cases against this theory include â€Å"learning the use and meaning of abstract words, evidence of novel forms of language not modeled by others, and uniformity of language acquisition in humans† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). Behaviorist theory, which is basically a psychological theory in its essence, founded by J. B. Watson, is actually a theory of native language learning, advanced in part as a reaction to traditional grammar. The supporters of this theory are Leonard Bloomfield, O. N. Mowrer, B. F. Skinner, and A. W. Staats. Behaviorism was advanced in America as a new approach to psychology in the early decades of the 20th-century by making a particular emphasis on the importance of verbal behavior, and received a considerable trust from the educational world of 1950s. The major principle of the behaviorist theory rests on the analyses of human behavior in observable stimulus-response interaction and the association between them. E. L. T. Thorndike was the first behaviorist to explore the area that learning is the establishment of associations on particular process of behavior and consequences of that behavior. Basically, â€Å"the behaviorist theory of stimulus-response learning, particularly as developed in the operant conditioning model of Skinner, considers all learning to be the establishment of habits as a result of reinforcement and reward† (Wilga Rivers, 1968, 73). This is very reminiscent of Pavlov’s experiment which indicates that stimulus and response work together. According to this category, the babies obtain native language habits via varied babblings which resemble the appropriate words repeated by a person or object near him. Since for his babblings and mutterings he is rewarded, this very reward reinforces further articulations of the same sort into grouping of syllables and words in a similar situation. In this way, he goes on emitting sounds, groups of sounds, and as he grows up he combines the sentences via generalizations and analogy (as in *goed for went, *doed, for did, so on), which in some complicated cases, condition him to commit errors by articulating in permissible structures in speech. By the age of five or six, or babblings and mutterings grow into socialized speech but little by little they are internalized as implicit speech, and thus many of their utterances become indistinguishable from the adults. This, then, obviously, means that behaviorist theory is a theory of stimulus-response psychology. â€Å"Through a trial-and-error process, in which acceptable utterances are reinforced by comprehension and approval, and un acceptable utterances are inhibited by the lack of reward, he gradually learns to make finer and finer discriminations until his utterances approximate more and more closely the speech of the community in which he is growing up (Wilga M. Rivers, 1968; 73). To put it in other words, children develop a natural affinity to learn the language of their social surroundings whose importance both over language learning and teaching must never be underestimated. In this respect behaviorist theory stresses the fact that â€Å"human and animal learning is a process of habit formation. A highly complex learning task, according to this theory may be learned by being broken’ down into smaIl habits. These are formed correct or incorrect responses, are rewarded or, punished, respectively ‘. (Hubbard Jones and Thornton Wheeler, 1983; 326). Thus it is clear that the acquisition of learning in infancy is governed the acquisition of other habits. Basic Tenents of Behaviorist Theory The following principles illustrate the operating principles of behaviorism: Counterarguments on Behaviorist Theory of Language Learning Needless to say, language teaching anticipates certain theories on language learning because language learning as a fruitful area that embodies the working of human behavior and mental processes of the learners. Each theory may not be complete model for the investigation of language learning. The following counter-arguments can be made upon the working principles of behaviorist theory: 1) Basic strategies of language learning within the scope of behaviorist theory are imitation, reinforcement, and rewarding. However, researches made on the acquisition of learning have demonstrated that children’s imitation of structures show evidence of almost no innovation; moreover children â€Å"vary considerably in the amount that they imitate† (L. M. Bloom, L. Hood, and P. L. Lightbown, 1974; 380-420). Since children do not imitate such structures like words, phrases, clauses and sentences at the same rate they will naturally learn at different rates even though it must be admitted that imitation is very useful in the acquisition of new vocabulary items. As for reinforcement, â€Å"Unfortunately this view of learning receives little support from the available evidence† (Herbert H. Clark and Eve V. Clark, 1977; 336), for the parents only correct the sample structures, and complex structures are occasionally corrected. 2) In behaviorist theory, the process of learning relies more on generalization, rewarding, conditioning, three of which support the development of analogical learning in children. But it can be argued that a process of learning or teaching that encourages the learner to construct phrases, clauses and sentences modeled on previously settled set of rules and drills is thought to obstruct the instinctive production of language. Then, habit formation exercises may not naturally promote intrinsically oriented language learning. 3) Obstructions made on instinctively-based learning will doubtedlessly harm the creative way of learning. It takes a long time to be capable enough to master a language at least a bit intrinsically. There is a threshold level in language learning. This means that learners must learn consciously supported by repetition and drilling to build up an effective linguistic intuition, acquisition of which marks the establishment of threshold level. Before obtaining the threshold level, the language learner is not creative, cannot use the language properly in new situations in a real sense. it is, then, obvious that the intrinsic learning will be delayed, owing to the Iate acquisition of threshold level because of previously settled set of rules and drills. 4) The rate of social influence on learning is not satisfactorily explained. To what extent and rate, does the social surrounding promote language learning? This question remains unexplained. 5) It is highly unlikely for learning to be the same for each individual; that is, each person cannot learn equally well in the same conditions in which learning takes place, for the background and the experience of the learners make everybody learn differently. In addition, according to Chomsky, there must be some innate capacities which human beings possess that predispose them to look for basic patters in language. 6) The main strategies of the behaviorist theory can only be true for the early stages of learning which takes place when the kids are in infancy and in early childhood periods. Moreover, this theory is fruitful for the most part on animal experimentation and learning. 7) Many of the learning processes are mostly too complex, and for this reason there are intervening variable s, which cannot be observed between stimulus and response. â€Å"That’s why, language acquisition cannot take place through habit formation, since language learners are thrown between stimulus and response chain, for language is too far complicated to be learned in such a matter, especially given the brief time available. CONCLUSION It is clear that language learning and its development, for the behaviorists, is a matter of conditioning by means of imitation, practice, reinforcement, and habituation, which constitute the paces of language acquisition. It must be born in mind that all behavioristic theories of learning are associationistic, including Thorndike’s, Guthrie’s, Hull’s, Skinner’s, and the theory of the school of functionalism. Apparently, behaviorism has its shortcomings, but it cannot be denied that learning process is for the most part a behavioristic processing, a verbal behavior. In language teaching area, behaviorism establishes the basic background of exercises, either oral or written in viewing language as stimulus and response. In addition, it gives a great deal of insight into the recognition of the use of controlled observation to discover the laws of behavior. It has exerted a great impact by influencing many teaching methods on the area of language teaching, for example, Audiolingual Method, Total Physical Response, and Silent Way embody the behaviorist view of language; also, British Structuralism has created the theory of language called Situational Language Teaching. In a word behaviorist theory aims at discovering behavioral justifications for designing language teaching in certain ways, being a hub a of many language teaching and learning theories. It must not be forgotten that it has given a push for the creation of empiricist language learning which became very fashionable in U . S. A. and in Europe. BIBLlOGRAPHY Bloom, L. M. (1974). â€Å"Imitations in Language Development: If, When, and Why†, â€Å"Cognitive Psychology†, pp. 380-420. Brooks, Nelson (1960). â€Å"Language and Language Learning†. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Clark, Herbert and Eve Clark (1977). â€Å"Language and Psychology: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics†. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich. Jones, Hubbard and Thornton Wheeler (1983). † A Training Course for TEFL†. Oxford University Press. Palermo, David S. (1978). â€Å"Psychology of Language†. Dallas: Scott, Foresman and Co. Rivers, M. Wilga (1968). â€Å"Teaching Foreign Language Skills†. Chicago: Chicago University Press.